說明文閱讀理解備考策略

一、考查特點

高考對說明文的考查多爲科普說明文，它是閱讀理解重要內容，也是高考考查難點。科普說明文着重揭示自然界潛在奧祕、生物生存背景和產品工藝原理，多解釋性、定義性、說明性長句，甚至可能會出現多種從句疊現的現象，因此閱讀科普說明文時同學們一定要保持冷靜，始終以平靜的心態閱讀原文，解答試題。

同時應認真分析長句句子結構和邏輯關 系，這樣才能對其做出準確理解。

二、考查題型及應對策略

科普說明文常設置下列題型：

1.動植物保護自身方式判斷題

介紹動植物生長特點時常出現受環境影響動植物保護自身方式判斷題，這種試題常以To defend…，…uses…或How does…protect itself against…？爲設問方式，解題時應認真閱讀原文對動植物自我保護方式內容的介紹，看其是以進化、逃避還是進攻保護自身。

2.標題判斷題

科普說明文多出現標題判斷題，考查考生對全文的.理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage？爲設問方式，解題時應特別注意因科普說明文常介紹動植物是如何保護自身的，因此多以How do/does…defend themselves（itself）爲標題。

3.生詞詞義判斷題

科普說明文往往揭示自然奧祕、動植物生存特點及產品工藝原理，易出現一些學術性較強的生詞，因此常出現生詞詞義判斷題，這種試題常以What does the underlined word mean？或What is the meaning of the underlined word？爲設問方式考查對生詞詞義的判斷。解題時一定要認真閱讀原文，分析原文對自然奧祕、動植物生存特點、產品工藝原理是如何解釋、如何定義的，在此基礎上抽象概括出生詞詞義。

4.代詞指代判斷題

科技說明文在對自然奧祕、動植物生存特點及產品工藝原理進行解釋時，易出現動作變換多、人稱轉變頻的現象，因此常出現代詞指代判斷題，這些試題常以it，they，them等表物的代詞爲命題題點，要求考生根據上下文語境邏輯推斷其指代對象。解題時應認真分析動作轉換背景，區分動作不同執行者，從而準確判斷代詞的正確指代。

5.科學方法圖示判斷題

科普說明文常出現科學方法圖示判斷題，這種試題或以生物依賴關係爲命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的生物依賴關係；或以工藝流程爲命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的流程順序，或以生產方法爲命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的生產方法；或以機械配製爲命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的機械配製。解題時一定要認真閱讀分析原文對生物依賴關係、發明創造誕生過程和工藝流程過程的介紹，並且邊讀邊畫簡易草圖，以提高理解準確率。分析備選項時應對照原文介紹情況，找出各圖不同之處，以便最終做出正確判斷。

6.新產品使用方法判斷題

科學的發明創造都應推廣使用才能轉化爲生產力，因此科普說明文閱讀材料常出現新產品使用方法判斷題，這種試題常以What is the correct way to use the new invention？或How can you use the new product？或What should we do to use the new product？爲設問方式考查對新產品使用方法的判斷。解題時應認真閱讀原文介紹新產品使用方法的注意點，從而找到新產品正確的使用方法。

[真題演練]

Animals can move from place to place，but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack，it can run away or fight back…… Plants certainly cannot run away，and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.

Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example，the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines （刺）that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach……

Some plants，such as the oak tree，have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material； eating such grasses wears down the animal’s teeth.

Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar （毛蟲） bites a tobacco leaf，the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.

Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China，for instance，has prickly （多刺的） leaves，and each prickle contains poisonous venom （毒液）A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future. （NEMT2005江蘇D篇）

69. To defend themselves，oak trees use________.

A. chemical means B. physical means

C. bitter chemicals D. sandy materials

70. How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar？

A. Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.

B. Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.

C. Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.

D. Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.

71. What would be the best title for this passage？

A. Plants and Animals B. How Plants Defend Themselves

C. Attacks and Defenses D. How Animals Eat Plant Leaves

[答案與解析]：

69. B 植物保護自身方式判斷題。

由原文第三節首句Some plants，such as the oak tree，have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat.體現答案。

70. C 植物保護自身方式判斷題。由原文第四節This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine可以推出答案。

71. B 標題判斷題。認真閱讀分析原文不難發現，原文第一節末句But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.爲主題句，全文圍繞它展開說明，由此不難找到答案。